What is Tuberculosis (TB)?

Tuberculosis is a contagious bacterial infection caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It primarily affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) but can also spread to the brain, bones, kidneys, and lymph nodes.

TB spreads through the air when an infected person coughs, sneezes, or even talks, making early detection and awareness critical to stopping transmission.

Transmission Vectors and Incubation

The incubation period for TB can range from weeks to years. After initial infection, the immune system typically contains the bacteria in a latent state. Active disease occurs when the immune system is compromised or the bacterial load overwhelms defenses.

Signs and Symptoms of TB

Recognizing symptoms early can prevent complications and reduce spread. If any symptom persists beyond 2–3 weeks, seek testing immediately.

Risk Factors for Active TB

• Close contact with an active TB patient
• Weakened immune system (HIV, diabetes, malnutrition)
• Smoking and alcohol consumption
• Poor ventilation and overcrowded spaces
• Lack of proper healthcare access

Diagnostic Methods: Molecular Testing is Key

Modern diagnostics rely on molecular techniques such as CBNAAT (Cartridge-Based Nucleic Acid Amplification Test) and RT-PCR, which detect TB DNA with high accuracy and speed. These tests are superior to traditional smear microscopy, especially for drug-resistance screening.

Treatment and Drug Resistance

TB is completely curable with a full course of antibiotics (usually 6–9 months). However, incomplete or irregular treatment can lead to drug-resistant TB (MDR-TB), which is harder to treat and poses a serious public health risk.

Important: Never stop treatment midway without medical advice. Always complete the prescribed regimen to prevent resistance.

Prevention Strategies