What is Squamous Cell Carcinoma?

Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is a common type of skin cancer that arises from squamous cells—the flat, thin cells forming the outermost layer of the skin (epidermis). It typically develops on sun-exposed areas such as the face, ears, neck, and arms, but can also occur on mucous membranes and other sites.

SCC often appears as a firm, red, scaly lump or patch that may bleed or ulcerate. It can grow rapidly and, if left untreated, may invade deeper tissues and spread to lymph nodes or distant organs via the lymphatic system or bloodstream.

Understanding Carcinoma

Carcinoma is a type of cancer that originates in epithelial cells—the cells lining the surfaces of organs and tissues throughout the body. It accounts for the majority of cancer cases. The table below outlines the main subtypes of carcinoma.

Risk Factors for SCC

• Fair skin, light hair, and light eye color
• History of sun exposure and sunburns, especially in childhood
• Weakened immune system (e.g., organ transplant, HIV)
• Exposure to UV radiation (sunlight, tanning beds)
• Exposure to certain chemicals (arsenic, industrial byproducts)
• Chronic skin inflammation or ulcers
• Genetic predisposition (e.g., xeroderma pigmentosum, familial melanoma syndromes)

Symptoms and Detection

SCC typically presents as a persistent, scaly red patch, an open sore, or a raised growth with a central depression. It may bleed, crust, or become tender. Early detection is crucial. Dermatologists often perform a skin biopsy to confirm diagnosis.

For individuals with a family history of skin cancer or multiple suspicious lesions, genetic testing can identify inherited mutations that increase SCC risk. DNA Labs India offers advanced Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Whole Exome Sequencing (WES) panels to evaluate hereditary cancer syndromes.

Genetic Testing for SCC

Hereditary factors contribute to a subset of SCC cases. Genetic testing can detect mutations in genes such as CDKN2A, MC1R, and PTCH1, which are associated with increased skin cancer risk. DNA Labs India uses NGS/WES to provide comprehensive analysis of these genes.

Our test is performed on a simple blood or saliva sample. No fasting is required. Results are typically available within 10–14 business days. The test is ISO 9001 certified, ensuring high-quality and reliable results.

Treatment Options

Treatment for SCC depends on the size, location, and stage of the tumor. Standard options include:

• Surgical excision (e.g., Mohs micrographic surgery)
• Radiation therapy
• Topical chemotherapy (e.g., 5-fluorouracil)
• Immunotherapy (e.g., pembrolizumab) for advanced cases
• Targeted therapy (e.g., EGFR inhibitors) for specific mutations

Early-stage SCC has a high cure rate. Regular skin examinations and prompt treatment of suspicious lesions are essential.

Prevention and Early Detection

Preventive measures include limiting sun exposure, using broad-spectrum sunscreen, wearing protective clothing, and avoiding tanning beds. Annual skin checks by a dermatologist are recommended, especially for high-risk individuals.

If you have a family history of skin cancer or multiple atypical moles, consider genetic counseling and testing at DNA Labs India to assess your hereditary risk.

When to See a Doctor

Consult a dermatologist if you notice any new or changing skin lesions, sores that do not heal, or growths that bleed or itch. Early diagnosis significantly improves outcomes.